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Introduction Agriculture stands at a critical juncture in human civilization. As the global population surges toward 10 billion by 2050, the demand for food, fiber, and biofuels continues to escalate exponentially. Simultaneously, the agricultural sector faces unprecedented challenges: climate variability, soil degradation, water scarcity, and the need to reduce its environmental footprint. Traditional farming methods, … Read more

Islamabad, April 25, 2026: Pakistan has successfully launched its indigenous Electro-Optical Satellite (EO-3) from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre in China, marking a significant advancement in the country’s space and Earth-observation capabilities. The mission was developed by the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO). (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) What makes EO-3 particularly significant … Read more

Greenhouse: Definition, Types, Importance, and Applications Introduction A greenhouse is an enclosed structure covered with transparent materials such as glass, polycarbonate, or polyethylene film that allows sunlight to enter while maintaining a controlled environment for plant growth. The primary purpose of a greenhouse is to create optimal conditions of temperature, humidity, light, and carbon dioxide … Read more

What is Nucellar and nucellar embryogenesis? Nucellar refers to the nucellus, which is the tissue surrounding the embryo sac inside a seed. It is a part of the ovule in plants and provides nourishment to the developing embryo. In nucellar embryogenesis, embryos develop from the nucellar cells without fertilization. This process occurs mainly in polyembryonic … Read more

Carbon di oxide emission and climate change has a major impact on human health Fatima Shoukat, Muhammad Shafiq University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have ramifications for climate change, however, little attention has recently been paid to the health hazards posed by elevated CO2 levels. It is … Read more

Introduction to Genome-Wide Analysis in Plants The genome-wide analysis of gene families in plants represents a transformative approach in genetic research, enabling comprehensive understanding of plant genomes at an unprecedented scale. Rooted in the fundamental principles of genomics, this analysis involves the extensive examination of entire genomes to identify, classify, and understand the functions and … Read more