Abstract Agricultural sustainability is at the heart of global food security, especially in the face of climate change, resource depletion,
Smog—a harmful mixture of air pollutants including ground-level ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter—has become a critical environmental
Polyamines, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are critical regulators of plant growth, development, and environmental stress adaptation. These small,
Plant hormones, or phytohormones, are vital chemical messengers that regulate almost every aspect of plant growth, development, and response to
